What Is the Origin of the Swastika

Question: What Is the Origin of the Swastika Does anyone know where the Swastika symbol originates from. Was it used in Sumeria 3000 B.C.? Was it really once considered to be the symbol of ChristHUSEY from the Ancient/Classical History Forum. Answer: The swastika is actually an ancient symbol, but its origin is hard to define. In The Swastika, Folklore, Vol. 55, No. 4 (Dec., 1944), pp. 167-168, W. G. V. Balchin says the word swastika is of Sanskrit origin and the symbol is one of good luck or a charm or a religious symbol (the last, among the Jains and Buddhists) that goes back to at least the Bronze Age. It appears in various parts of the ancient and modern world. This article mentions Christians did, indeed, consider the swastika for their symbol. In response to this forum question about the origins of the swastika, other forum members have researched the historically popular symbol now associated almost exclusively with the much-hated Nazis and Hitler. Here is the swastika lore they found. One popular notion holds that it is a very old solar symbol. Relatedly, recent scholarship with ancient Indian and Vedic documents reveals a legend concerning a mythical demonic semi-deity who was obsessed with world conquest and the destruction of subject people/races. His name is difficult to translate from Sanskrit, but its phonetic rendering into English sounds something like Putz.-Mizta Bumpy (HERRBUMPY)I just know that many symbols (as well as philosophers like Nietzsche, etc.) were misunderstood / mistreated / badly-used by Nazis. One of them was the swastika, which, I think, symbolized the four powers of nature. I think it was found in other ancient lands too, apart from Sumeria.The swastika resembles a lot the Greek cross in its symmetry, if you take out those little wings from the swastika. Thats the only connection I can find with Christianity. Of course many pre-Christian symbols were redefined and used by Christians of all times (with varying success).-APOLLODOROSThe swa stika is indeed a sun symbol from antiquity, appropriate in many themes on many occasions. Like flood legends, the swastika (in various recognizable styles) is one of many symbols found thru-out ancient civilisations having no possible contact (as we understand contact) with each other. Usually it meant the sun, in its scheme as the wheel of life. (Mayan, I believe.) It was also a popular good luck symbol. For example, it can be found on pre-1930 American New Years greeting cards.A white swastika on a black field was the flag of an American Boy Scout Troop from its founding to some point in the 1930s, when the Troop itself voted to discontinue its use, in light of the rise of the Nazi regime. The German-American Bundt (the pre-War American Nazi movement), who also used the swastika, may also have influenced their decision.The Indian and Vedic connection you mention is likely the swastikas oldest incarnation. The symbol itself may still be found as an architectural element, decorati ng sufficiently aged temples to whatever deity is involved. There is a simply fascinating documentary on the swastika, and its journey from mystic rune to fascist emblem. Unhappily, I cant recall the title.If memory serves, a particular German woman of wealth, and the upper class, made it her cause to sponsor the swastika into its position as The Emblem of the Nazi party. As often happens after wars, mysticism and spiritualism was popular thru-out post WW1 and the 1920s. She appears to have been a true believer of some kind, and felt the swastika itself had the power to lead Germany to ultimate triumph, that soldiers who fought under it would obtain super-strength, etc.-SISTERSEATTLThe swastika is (or was, depending on your WWII point of view) actually a symbol of good luck, and possibly of fertility and regeneration.I once read that several ancient cultures associated the symbol with the sun, although Im not sure of the actual details on this. The Navajo Indians also had a similar symbol - depicting their gods of the mountains, rivers, and rain.In India, the swastika is an auspicious mark - worn as jewelry or marked on objects as a symbol of good luck. The symbol, though, is extremely ancient and predates Hinduism. The Hindus associated it with the sun and wheel of birth and rebirth. It is an emblem of the Hindu god Vishnu, one of the supreme Hindu deities.hope this shed a little light....._PEENIE1Swastika has nothing to do with Christ and with Christianism. It is a Buddhist symbol for peace, as it still appears nowadays on Buddhist temples in Asia. I have seen one in a bi-lingual edition of a Taiwanese magazine. The editors felt the necessity of explaining in the English text that Swastika is a Buddhist symbol of peace, and this is why the puzzled European reader could see it in pictures showing temples.A difference however can be noticed: the orientation of the arms is clockwise in the Buddhist swastika and anti-clockwise in the one adapted by the Nazis. Un fortunately I dont know how this change occurred or its significance.- MYKK1The swastika... has nothing to do with the swastika used as the symbol in Nazi Germany. That symbol is from Nordic runes and was used in Nordic tribes pagan culture. Later it was also used by the Teutonic Knights formed in the 12th century. From this source the Nazis got a lot of their symbols, like the SS rune.-GUENTERHB

Essay about Conflict Theory in Vietnam - 878 Words

The history of Vietnam is one of great struggle and conflict. For centuries the vietnamese people have had no choice but to change their society by force in order to gain their own freedom and independence. Pivitol events in Vietnamese history such as the Battle of Bach Dang in 939 and the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954 are examples of how the conflict theory brought change to Vietnamese society and culture. For centuries Vietnam had been under Chinese rule. The Vietnamese people were an oppressed society and were exploited by the Chinese. Forced labour was brought upon the Vietnamese people, and there were many tyrannical Chinese governers along with constant demands of tribute for the Chinese rulers. There had been many revolts by†¦show more content†¦Vietnam was a soveriegn nation until 18th century. This dramatic change which occurred in less than 25 years is all due to the conflict theory. Without the Battle of Bach Dang it is possible that Vietnam could still be under Chinese rule and the people would continue to be exploited. The French colonized Vietnam in two phases. The first occuring between 1859-1862 by occupying Saigon and surrounding areas in Mekong. In 1883 they annexed the Hanoi and Tonkin regions. In the early years of French rule, French administrators planned to change Vietnam socially, politically and economically. No respect was given to the Vietnamese people or their culture. Court officials ( called manderines ) were forced to report to colonial officials instead of the king, diminishing much of the kings power and role in society. High costs of colonial administrators caused the French to put high taxes on salt, opium, alcohol and land. Forced labour was also re introduced. French rule had left the Vietnamese people and their culture impoverished and very much opressed. By 1940 half of Vietnameses population was landless. This is was one of the many crippling effects of French colonial rule in Vietnam. Although there had been many uprisings, protests and guerrilla groups formed to attempt to over throw the French, none were successful, and all attempts were crushed by the French military. In the early 20th Century many more national groups formed.Show MoreRelatedThe United States Involvement During The Vietnam War947 Words   |  4 PagesThough out history, American has had its hand in conflict with other countries. Some of those conflicts have turned out into wars. Looking back at America’s â€Å"track record† with war, America has a worthy past of having its citizen’s support. Obviously the two World Wars we not controversial. The United States in the Korean War was criticized, fairly, for its strategy, but the need to defend South Korea was never questioned. In only the Vietnam War was the United States’ very participation criticizedRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1155 Words   |  5 Pages The Vietnam War was one of the first wars to be broadcasted in one’s own living room. It is also one of the most misconstrued and misunderstood wars that have resulted in American defeat. Being one of the longest wars fought in history, i t has left many questioning the motivation behind the conflict that spanned two decades before being resolved. Despite being a conflict between North and South Vietnam, the United States decided to enter the war in spite of being faced with opposition from its citizensRead MoreAntiwar Movement Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States participation in the Vietnam War was a subject of much debate among the American public. While many Americans supported the United States involvement in the War, in agreement with the Government that American assistance was needed in order to stop the spread of Communism, other people felt that it was immoral for the United States to involve itself in another countrys internal matters. (Chambers) 2000. The antiwar movement against Vietnam in the US from 1965-1971 was the most significantRead MoreThe Vietnam War: How America Lost the War Against Communism Essay1094 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vietnam War was a conflict, which the United States invo lved itself in unnecessarily and ultimately lost. The basis of the conflict was simple enough: Communism vs. Capitalism, yet the conduct of the Vietnam War was complex and strategic, and brought repercussions which had never been seen before. The struggle between North and South had an almost inevitable outcome, yet the Americans entered the War optimistic that they could aid the falling South and sustain democracy. The American intentionsRead MoreThe Justification Of War And The Vietnam War792 Words   |  4 PagesThe Afghanistan War and the Vietnam War. It both wars could have had a peaceful protest to overcome the conflict at hand or have a meeting to talk about communism in the Vietnam War or Terrorism in the Afghan War. The right time for war is a fine line between a just war and an immoral act of mass murder. The Afghanistan war was a just war according to the The Just War Theory because on September 11, 2001 the US was attacked by the terrorist group al-Qaeda, but the Vietna m War was not truly justifiedRead MoreAmerican Invovment in Vietnam Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical values began to develop, and the Vietnam War dominated the twenty-year period. Vietnam invited many young activist people to begin a huge movement of anti-war protesting denouncing the war, the government, and even the soldiers who were picked against their will to fight. Reasons for American entry into the Vietnam War are controversial, and everyone has a different opinion on why we got into the conflict. Multiple reasons contributed to the entry in Vietnam from support of allies who were fightingRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War was said to be one of the most significant wars in the twentieth century. This war took place from November 1, 1955 to April 30, 1975. It was at the time, the longest war in American history. Much of the conflict was centered in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. During that time, approximately 58,219 US troops were killed in action. The reason America got involved in the Vietnam War was to stop the spread of communism in South East Asia and beyond. â€Å"America’s involvement in Vietnam derivedRead MorePresident Dwight D. Eisenhower And The Vietnam War Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pagesconference [1]. In that conference, he announced his so called â€Å"Domino Theory†. It was a substantial aspect of the US involvement in the Vietnam War, involvement in terms of its military support and methods used in Vietnam. Even though it was greatly enhanced by other factors, such as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, it was the trigger, and therefore the source of all US involvement in the Vietnam War. The main rationale of the theory was that if one country fell down to communism, all the surroundingRead MoreThe Vietnam War1402 Words   |  6 Pagesinstability in Vietnam from 1950 to 1975 between the communist North Vietnam and anti-communist South Vietnam during the Cold War era has led to the United States’ inevitable intervention in Vietnam. The main motivators for the United States’ incremental decision to inter vene and commitment in Vietnam can be viewed as an accumulation of socio-political, political and economic catalysts. In recognition that there were many other factors that may have contributed to the U.S’s involvement in the conflict in VietnamRead MoreDecolonization and Influence of the Cold War Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluence the process of decolonization through proxy nations in all parts of the world. Ultimately, the conflict between United States and Soviet Union disputed over decolonization of nations throughout the world including Korea, Cuba, and Indo-China (Vietnam). Though the Cold War did not imply a great loss of life or substantial bloodshed, it is best described as a severe ideological conflict revolving around territorial expansion efforts. Capitalism, which governed the United States economy and

Law & Ethics The Government of Several Countries

Question: Discuss the rights and the extent of the benefits that the student was entitled to receive. Explain the major principles of IDEA. Describe the role of the school district in supporting the major principles of IDEA. Answer: Introduction The government of several countries provide additional emphasis on the disable students of the nation and in order to provide them essential education, which help the disable students to become a good responsible citizen of the country. In US the government of the country always shows more concern on their disable child and provide then additional learning advantages by implementing a significant law of Individual with Disabilities education Act. With the help of this law the disable student seek requisite compensation or education benefits from the district under which the disable student is schooling (Apling Jones, 2007). The law has six main principle under which the district use to bear the expenses for the requisite facilities for the students who are disable and require additional emphasis. The easy is on the law in which the students with disability can get additional benefit from the district. Main body In order to discuss the Individual with Disabilities education Act a case is undertaken for the study, the case is of a disable student Frank Evan versus Board of Education of the Rhinebeck Central School District Defendant. In this case it is observed that Frank a fifteen year old student is suffering from dyslexia a serious learning disabilities as he is unable to read, write and spelling (Bickenbach, 2012). His mother Catherin Evans file case that her son is a disable and he should grant the (individualised Educational Program) IEP and ( Free Appropriate Public Education) FAPE under the Law of Individual with Disabilities education Act. However, the Court rejected Evans application in order to a trio basis on the evidence that Frank has higher than the average intelligence of his age he has some problems, which would be reduced with the age thus, he should not get the benefit of FAPE and IEP. The government introduce IDEA to help the disable child of the nation for carrying out their education so that they can become a good and responsible citizen of the country. As per the law the students get benefit from the district, where they schooling. Major principles of IDEA The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) are a current federal education law. IDEA assures some specific safeguards and rights to children with their disabilities and also their guardians. IDEA mostly contains six principles which provide the structure around that special education services are provided and designed to candidates with their disabilities (Javier, 2005). In this context, the six principles reflect the intent and spirit of Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The principles are given below: Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) Appropriate Evaluation Individualized Education Program (IEP) Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) Parent and Students Participation in Decision Making Procedural Safeguards Nonetheless, the six principles mainly work to guarantee which children with their disabilities and also need to go to the Institution or school daily and must have the individual educational requires addressed and determination. Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) This four word is critical and significance in this context. The other important material of FAPE is a requirement in which a country should take the decisions to search the children who may have the disabilities and also ready to evaluate (Jones, Apling, Smole, 2004). This is also known as "child find" service. This mostly applies to those children who are not probably eligible to admit the public school. Appropriate Evaluation When a child is mostly referred for complete educational evaluation and IDEA guarantees which safeguards are at the service. Individualized Education Program (IEP) IEP is the main attraction of the childrens right to a proper free public education. Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) IDEA creates a very precise and clear that the disable children are also not required the non-disabled peers to the largest potential area in educational settings and as well as such other nonacademic or extracurricular activities (Priaulx Wrigley, 2013). Parent and Students Participation in Decision Making Participate in every meeting to concern their childs special education and also obtain the notification of these meetings in a proper manner. Make a decision that means they can easily understand the options, and decisions that why the proposals are rejected or accepted. Procedural Safeguards IDEA requires school state and districts to progress the process which provides guardians with a new path to influence their own children's right to FAPE or Free Appropriate Public Education. The school district play vital role in order to support the major principle of IDEA. Conclusion From this scenario, the case act to concern a guardians right to at public expenses need to fulfill this regulatory structure. Moreover, not only the partners and review or hearing officers under the Individuals with Disabilities Education (IDEA) need to profits from the systematic combination. In short, the act status may summarize as the two procedural and preliminary steps of the regulatory structure and the intermediate step of the proper district's evaluation (Jones, Apling, Smole, 2004). These Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is the federal law. References Apling, R. Jones, N. (2007).The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. Bickenbach, J. (2012).Ethics, law, and policy. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Javier, I. (2005).The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). New York: Nova Science Publishers. Jones, N., Apling, R., Smole, D. (2004).Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). New York: Nova Science Publishers. Priaulx, N. Wrigley, A. (2013).Ethics, law and society. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate.

Kkk 2 Essay Research Paper KKK free essay sample

Kkk 2 Essay, Research Paper KKK Violence against inkinesss: The former slaves besides suffered from onslaughts by Whites. In 1865 and1866, Whites murdered about 5,000 Southern inkinesss. During race public violences in 1866, white rabble killed 46 inkinesss in Memphis and 34 in New Orleans. In 1865 or 1866, a secret white organisation called the Ku Klux Klan was founded in Tennessee. Klan members wore white robes and goons and draped white sheets over the Equus caballuss. The Ku Klux Klan grew quickly and spread panic across the South. Klan members beat and even murdered inkinesss and their white sympathisers to maintain them from exerting their rights. Early on 1900 # 8217 ; s: In 1915, William J. Simmons, a former Methodist reverend, organized a new Klan in Atlanta, Ga. , as a loyal, Protestant fraternal society. The Klan directed its activities against groups it considered un-American, including inkinesss, immigrants, Jews, and peculiarly Roman Catholics. Ku Klux Klan: Pronounced KOO kluhks KLAN, is a group of white secret societies who oppose the promotion of inkinesss, Jews, and other minority groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Kkk 2 Essay Research Paper KKK or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Ku Klux Klan, besides called the KKK or the Klan, is active in the United States and in Canada. It frequently uses force to accomplish its purposes. Klan members wear robes and goons, and burn crosses at their out door meetings. they besides burn crosses to scare nonmembers. KKK Rule: Klan members, who believed in the high quality of Whites, shortly began to terrorise inkinesss to keepthem from voting or exerting other rights they had gained during Reconstruction, the period following the terminal of the American Civil War in 1865. The Klan threatened, round, and murdered many inkinesss and their white symphathizers in the South. To conceal their individuality, Klan terrorists wore robes and goons, draped sheets over their Equus caballuss and rode at dark. The KKK spread quickly throughout the Southern United States and became known as the unseeable Empire. Its onslaughts helped drive inkinesss out of Southern political life. The brainsick members: Increased civil rights activities during the 1960 # 8217 ; s brought a new moving ridge of Klan force. Klan members were involved in many terrorist onslaughts, including the violent death of three civil rights workers in Mississippi, and the bombardment of a Birmingham, Ala. , church in which four black misss were killed. President Lyndon B. Johnson used the Federal Bureau of Investigation to examine the Klan. Some Klan members were sent to prison, and rank fell to about 5,000 by the early 1970 # 8217 ; s.

Galileo Essay Research Paper Galileo Galileo was free essay sample

Galileo Essay, Research Paper Galileo Galileo was a innovator of modern natural philosophies and telescopic uranology who was born on February 15, 1564 near Pisa, Italy. As an Italian physicist and uranologist, he was the first to utilize the telescope to detect many undiscovered kingdoms of infinite. His finds of maculas, lunar mountains and vales, and the orbiters of Jupiter formed the footing of modern uranology. His finds opened a gateway into the undiscovered countries of the existence. Galileo # 8217 ; s instruction began in Vallambrosa where monastics taught him, but the takeoff point of his calling was when he registered at the University of Pisa at the age of 17. He learned of the surveies of Aristotle and studied his Hagiographas on logic, gesture, and the construction of the existence. Over the old ages Galileo criticized and refuted many of Aristotle # 8217 ; s positions. He became one of the most grim advocators against of Aristotle # 8217 ; s philosophies. We will write a custom essay sample on Galileo Essay Research Paper Galileo Galileo was or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Galileo # 8217 ; s surveies began in the Cathedral of Pisa one twenty-four hours as Galileo was watching a lamp that was singing from the ceiling. He observed a beat in the swings of the lamp and noticed that the lamp ever took the same clip to travel from one terminal of its swing to the other. His end was to happen out whether or non all of the swings took the same sum of clip. He and a friend both made pendulums and decided to number the figure of oscillations that the pendulums made in a given sum of clip. They found that both pendulums made the same figure of oscillations at the same clip. Therefore he discovered the jurisprudence of isochronism, or equality of clip, of oscillations. By 1586, Galileo left the University of Pisa and went back to his household in Florence. In Florence, Galileo applied himself to geometry and from the survey of Euclid he shortly passed to that of other ancient mathematicians, particularly Archimedes. Galileo found in Archimedes a instructor for whom he learned the power and the broad rational scope of mathematical logical thinking. Galileo surveies produced two books that he wrote during this period. One, in Latin contains the theorems to find the centre of gravitation of solid organic structures, made him cognize among mathematicians of his clip. The other book, called the Little Balance, was written in Italian. In this book he told how he read the narrative of Archimedes and the surveies of organic structures immersed in H2O. In the autumn of that twelvemonth Galileo moved to Pisa where he studied while he continued to learn at the university, in this period he resumed his survey of gesture and wrote a short book in Latin know as De Motu ( On Motion ) . In De Motu, Galileo tried to confute some of Aristotle # 8217 ; s chief positions about gesture. One of his expostulations was the averment that gesture, in the absence of the direct action of a force, is maintained by the medium in which it takes topographic point. De Motu represents Galileo # 8217 ; s first measure in his systematic survey of gesture and is a cardinal point of mention in Galileo # 8217 ; s rational development. It shows that Galileo had already started the deep procedure of original thought and critical alteration of Aristotle # 8217 ; s rules that lasted throughout his life. At about this clip Galileo tried to confute one peculiar statement of Aristotle # 8217 ; s. Aristotle said that when organic structures of the same stuff but of different weights autumn freely, they fall with velocities relative to their weights. To turn out that igniter and heavier objects fall at the same velocity, Galileo climbed to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa while the full organic structure of pupils gathered in the square below to watch the presentation. From the top of the tower, Galileo let travel two objects of the same substance but of different weights at precisely the same clip. They reached the land at precisely the same clip. This narrative may or may non be true, but was besides proved by the Dutch mathematician Simon Stevinus. At the age of 28, Galileo moved to Padua. These old ages were said to be the best 18 old ages of his life. Galileo made friends among the Lords and the rich Venetians. One of his most of import friends, Giovanni Francesco Sagredo, used his place to better Galileo # 8217 ; s position as a scientist at the University. Following Sagredo # 8217 ; s decease, Galileo # 8217 ; s friend lived on as a character in two of his best books, Dialogue of the Two Greatest Systems of the World and Two New Sciences. Galileo became a professor at the University of Padua and began to learn big Numberss of pupils. During these old ages Galileo wrote many of his greatest books, including Fortifications, Military Constructions, and Mechanics. The last and most of import was a true technology text edition that described the action of simple machines such as the lever, block, prison guard, and inclined plane. He besides dealt with jobs of falling organic structures that he took up once more in ulterior ol d ages. In 1597, Galileo built an instrument that illustrates both his competency in mathematical computation and his great workmanship. This device was known as the geometric and military compass. It was a combination of a splitter and slide regulation. It helped to work out a big figure of mathematical and geometric jobs, including the extraction of square and three-dimensional roots. Because the terminal of the 16th century was a period of struggle, Galileo stressed military utilizations of this instrument. For case, the compass was used to find dealingss of weight and size of cannon balls, to modulate the forepart and side formations of ground forcess, and to mensurate the disposition of a wall. Galileo sold so many that he could non bring forth adequate to suit the demand. The compass subsequently became one of the most utile and widely used innovations. On October 9, 1604, a new star appeared in the sky. This new star emerging aroused Galileo # 8217 ; s scientific wonder and initiated his calling as a lotus-eater. Shortly after the star appeared, Galileo began to do systematic observations He began to mensurate its tallness in the sky and began to look into whether its place in regard to other stars varied from dark to dark. After holding observed it for several hebdomads, he gave three public lectures to depict his findings and drew big crowds. A really of import innovation emerged in 1609. In the early summer he was in Venice when he heard that a certain Fleming had constructed an monocle by which distant objects were seen nearby. Galileo went back to Padua at one time to believe of how he could construct a similar instrument. He concluded that the consequence could be achieved by the combination of a convex and concave glass. Galileo mounted the two lenses at the terminals of a lead tubing, and his first telescope came into bein g. At one time he realized the great importance of his instrument, both in scientific discipline and in practical life. He realized it might modify the art of war because it would allow sighting of the enemy at much greater distance that usual. Galileo must hold shown the instrument to his friends or talked about it, for shortly the rumour spread that he had invented it. In a missive to his brother in jurisprudence Galileo stated: # 8220 ; And intelligence holding reached Venice # 8230 ; I was called by the Most Serene Signory six yearss ago, to whom it was my responsibility to demo it every bit good as to the whole Senate, to the intense amazement of all. # 8221 ; Galileo so showed his telescope and it so astonished all. Once more Galileo showed his workmanship. The first telescope he built had a magnification of three diameters ; the 2nd eight diameters and eventually he built one magnifying 33 diameters. His telescope was a sheet of metal, covered by ruby sateen, of about the length of 24 inches and the diameter of about one and three one-fourth inches in diameter, with two spectacless, one at each terminal. He increased the size of his lenses, halting at the point where a farther addition would ensue in the deformation of images. No instrument but the telescope could give Galileo the feeling of how much the power of the senses could be enlarged. For the first clip he could see distant things every bit good as if they were close by and detect the being of objects that up till so had been excessively far off to be seeable. Many new things in infinite appeared to him. Galileo shortly discovered four little planets go arounding around the planet Jupiter, as the Moon revolves around the Earth. He named Jupiter # 8217 ; s satellites the Medicean Satellites and this remained his favourite astronomical find. Less than a month subsequently Galileo announced another item noticed by him. He described the stages of Venus. He said that he began to detect Venus with his instrument and saw it was turning in size daily, maintaining its rotundity until it finally arrived a great distance from the Sun and started to lose its rotundity on its eastern side. A few yearss subsequently, it diminished to a half circle. Then it transformed into a horned form and it became thinner until it vanished. Copernicus had been disappointed non to see the stages of Venus. The fact is that the stages of Venus are undetectable with the bare oculus. During all of these old ages, the Inquisition had been detecting Galileo. The Inquisition was the high court of the Roman Church. During the Counter Reformation, the Inquisition played a really of import function. Working in secretiveness, it spotted, investigated, and prosecuted those suspected of unorthodoxy, seeking to stamp down it before it could distribute. It exerted censoring to avoid the deformation of the Catholic philosophy, and issued the Index of Prohibited Books. To be tried by the Inquisition was something no 1 could take lightly. Galileo kept speaking in favour of the Copernican philosophy, and while he busied himself with this, the Inquisition went on analyzing his instance. On February 23 a group of 11 theologists was convened to analyze his beliefs in scientific discipline, or at least what the Inquisition said were his beliefs. The Sun is the centre of the universe and the Earth is non the centre of the universe, or immoveable, but moves harmonizing to the whole itself and besides with diurnal gesture. Neither of these was quoted from his Hagiographas. On the Pope # 8217 ; s direction, Cardinal Bellarmine called Galileo to his castle and told Galileo that he was non to keep, learn, or support the condemned sentiment of Copernicus. A few yearss subsequently De Revolutionibus, which the Pope had accepted, was condemned and prohibited until it is corrected. In the concluding old ages Galileo completed his book Two New Sciences. Galileo # 8217 ; s eyes had bothered him for many old ages. He had been kicking of oculus hurting because of long hours of analyzing. He lost sight in his right oculus foremost, so the left. During the last four old ages of his life he was wholly unsighted. In November 1641 a slow febrility seized Galileo and his creaky strivings had become more. This was his last unwellness. He died on January 8, 1642 at about 78 old ages of age.

QPO essays

QPO essays In the analysis of GK Per, a strange phenomenon can be observed ¡Xquasi-periodic oscillations (QPO).  ¡QPOs are defined as low-coherence brightness oscillations thought to be associated with material within the inner accretion flows of CVs (Morales-Rueda, Still No consensus has been reached as to a single model for the QPO phenomenon. Theoretical models suggest dense blobs in orbit within the inner disk (Bath 1973), pulsations on the surface of the white dwarf (Papaloizou Godon 1995). However, these models can only account for QPOs of a few hundred seconds. GK Per, on the other hand, has a QPO of several thousand seconds (MSR 1999). To explain this problem, several new models were developed. MSR (1999) apply the magnetospheric ¡Xor beat-frequency ¡Xmodel suggested by Watson, King & Osbourne (1985). Since GK Per has a relatively weak magnetic field, the accretion disk will come very close to the star, completely surrounding the magnetic field. At the inner edge, clumps of plasma will be present. The magnetosphere will keep the clumps from coming closer to the star ¡Xunless the clump moves directly above the poles. When this occurs, t...

Meeting the Challenge of Deafness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Meeting the Challenge of Deafness - Essay Example However, Cooper's will and passion for flying won out. For Chevy, his love of flying has been hitched to his need to be involved. After graduating from college in California, he sought out a new home. Chevy states, "Something about Hawaii attracted me. It wasn't the tradewinds or sun. It was something about the deaf community". The challenge of the deaf is to find support from the world around, through friends, family, and community. Being hearing impaired is a challenge in today's world. Often, the deaf are limited not by what they can do but by the perceptions of what the world thinks they should do. Cooper's family initially discouraged him from trying to be a pilot, yet he was able to persist and learn to fly. However, he did not do it alone. As he said in the article, "At 14, every Saturday I snuck out and would go to flight school, learning how to fly. A very sweet man named Charley took me under his wing." In spite of the challenge, someone was there to help him face it and guide him through it. For the hearing impaired, a little help sometimes goes a long way. Though Cooper and Chevy are unusual in their quest for flying, the common bond of deafness may entice others to join in their challenge. Both men have shown an interest in starting a club for deaf pilots and the concept of support groups may be a great benefit.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 31

Marketing - Essay Example it depends upon the demand of the Boeing’s consumers. In order to be successful, Boeing therefore need to be active in its marketing efforts to focus and target those customers which Boeing believed will be able to generate the demand for more air travel etc. The trick is that the Boeing must stick to the personal selling of its products since these products are expensive and simply out of the reach of the ordinary consumers therefore what is important for Boeing is to engage itself into personal selling. 1) For successfully marketing this product, Boeing first needs to determine and assess its present customer base. It must first clearly define who its customers are and who are the potential customers who can be interested in buying the product. 5) Advertise the product to its target customer base of existing customers. Since this product have very excellent features and have multi-purpose use therefore there will certainly be acceptance of the product in the market. 6) Boeing needs to highlight the features of this product. Since this is a multipurpose product with many unique and excellent features therefore Boeing must stress on highlighting its features and perceived utility it can provide to its users. 7) Since the customer base is clearly defined therefore Boeing must first target its existing customer base. In order to market the product to the existing customers, Boeing need to engage itself into various techniques ranging from personal selling to arranging demos and other promotional activities. 8) Since this is a very specialized product therefore it is very important that the Boeing need to engage itself into extensive personal selling efforts. These personal selling efforts need to be directed first at the existing customer base of the Boeing and then it may be redirected to potentially new

How occupational status, intergenerational mobility and social network Essay

How occupational status, intergenerational mobility and social network affects individual's status attainment - Essay Example There are different factors which are responsible for status attainment. Some of them are occupational status, intergenerational mobility and social network. Depending on the positioning of the individual with respect to these factors, the status attainment of an individual is determined. This paper studies some of the likely effects of these three factors on the individual's attainment of his status. In studying the concept of social attainment, human capital theory, theories on discrimination and the status attainment models have been used. According to Dr.Pretty Lam (2000) Human capital theory explains the differences in social and economic positions on the basis of factors like, education, work experience and on the job training. Besides the human capital, the concepts of social capital and cultural capital will also be used. "The educational and occupational status attainment process links socio-economic status and mental ability to educational and occupational attainment by means of intervening social psychological variables, including academic performance, the influence of significant others and educational and occupational aspirations." (William H. Sewell, Archibald O. Haller, George W. Ohlendorf 1970) Many analysts even today will substantiate the statement of Blau & Duncan (1967) that "occupational status summarizes much of what matters in the system of inequality". While this fully applies to modern societies, it is even more true for historically observed societies. Occupational position has been the most prominent indicator of social inequality in the past, even more than it is today. Thus by subscribing to the social inequality, the status attainment is more than influenced by an individual's occupational standing and its relevance to his societal status. The occupational position this assumes an important position in the status attainment of an individual. 3.0 Intergenerational Mobility and Status Attainment: For quite some time, the influence of family background on the adult children's economic outcomes has been the focus of research economists. Most of the studies are based on the model developed by Becker and Tomes (1986). In the model, the altruism of the parents is assumed to be of great importance and the parents care about their children's welfare. Parents through heredity like generic traits, cognitive ability and through family environments like family connections pass on endowments to their children. As per Anh Nguyen and Haile Getinet (2003) in addition, parents can influence the economic outcomes of their children by purportedly investing in their children human capital. Because of market imperfections, some parents cannot invest in their children's education at the optimum points, which leads to persistence across generations in economic status, and the poor remains poor. Thus intergenerational mobility of income and earnings has a clear impact on the status attainment of an individual. Apart from the income and earnings, educational attainment and occupational linkage across generatio

Causes and Effects of Organisational Structure Change

Causes and Effects of Organisational Structure Change ABSTRACT This dissertation will help to understand the reasons, why organizations change and its affect on the organizational structure. To comprehend the selected topic various secondary sources from the public domain has been taken. Information from these sources has been addressed under the heading literature review. It gives an overview of the triggers of change in the first section with special reference to role of the change agent in the change process, followed by a section how the organizational structure is affected by triggers of change. Next section addresses the contribution of the structure towards change followed by employees attitude to the change process. This literature review helped to understand already established concepts on the topic. And to realize the commercial application of the management theories two companies have been selected, Atari and Oticon. One of them changed its structure because of triggers in the external environment and it was successful and still perfo rming well but the other did not change and it perished. At the end this dissertation helped to look at the ways of making the changing process a subtle experience instead of making it a knee-jerk incident as suggested by many authors in the field. AIMS AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES This dissertation is an attempt to examine the relevance of theoretical studies to real commercial situations. And it gives us an opportunity to demonstrate our understanding and application of the concepts and theories taught in the MSc programme. While undertaking this task it also tested our ability to exhibit business research skills and to make a clear presentation of findings. And finally at the end it allows us to do a critical evaluation of our future career path. METHODOLOGY As a part of MSc Management course work this dissertation is to be completed based on secondary research. And it consists of published journals, books, annual reports of the companies, corporate and other websites. Most of the published journals are available through the University of Glasgow library database belonging to different disciplines from psychology to management reviews. There are certain limitations and challenges faced during its completion like it did not allow any primary research which means restriction of work only through secondary research. But the availability of overwhelming amount of research works on the selected topic posed another challenge. It was challenging to sieve through it and extract the relevant information which would help to conclude the topic. Other challenges faced are the time limit of only four months, and word limit of maximum twelve thousand which is quite less to compress all the work from literature review, company history to analysis of ea ch part. I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection Charles Darwin Charles Darwin was the British naturalist who was renowned for his theories of evolution and natural selection (www.lucidcafe.com). As the theory of natural selection suggests that in the biological world organisms develop certain characteristics that help them to survive in the environment. That is, the strongest survive in certain environmental conditions and these characteristics are transferred from one generation to the next through genes (www.allaboutscience.org). Change is inevitable and environment is changing at a much faster rate than anticipated, influencing all levels of the society, from individual to the corporate settings making the world a vibrant place to live. From organizational perspective, change in an organization can be triggered by advancement of technology, to the quest of the management to excel in the market. And to avoid annihilation one has to transform itself and adapt to its environment. To understand each aspect of change from organizational point of view will be an enormous task with amount of literature available. So the core focus will be to understand the triggers of change, role of a change agent in the changing process. The next aspect is to know why changes within the organization affect its structure. Subsequently the nature of change, that is how organizations change and finally the aspect of employees reaction to the change. And for a better understanding of all the aspects, first it is an attempt to understand the literature available on this topic and to comprehend their application in real life situation two companies have been chosen, Oticon and Atari as the case studies. LITERATURE REVIEW 5.0 INTRODUCTION Literature review is an effort to study the research work done by various authors ranging from 1958 to 2008. The main topic of this research is to understand what makes organizations change and its consequences on the structure. It includes an introduction on various forms of triggers of change comprising of a discussion on the role of a change agent, its leadership style and power skills in the first section. The second section is about how change affects organizational structure. Next section consists of the nature of change that is, the type of change that organizations go through. And the last section deals with employees reaction to change with a discussion on Hofstedes work on culture. There has been an overwhelming amount of research work on different aspect of organizational change and it will be beyond the scope of this dissertation in terms of time and words to cover each topic. So it has been decided to get an overview on a part of organizational change as mentioned above. SECTION 5.1 TRIGGERS OF CHANGE This section would cover the reasons that might activate a change process in an organization. Some authors have classified trigger of change into groups based on their relation to the organization, while others have a more generalised view. Triggers of change have been categorized into external and internal triggers. External triggers would include change in customer needs, competition, innovative technology, new opportunities, change in social and cultural values, change in trading conditions, change in legislation and government policies (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2000a). Scarcity of essential resources also results in change and can lead to formulation of new strategies, policies, rules and regulations, innovative ways of communication, encouraging team work, developing new technology which can lead to the change of the entire structure of the organization (Chackerian and Mavima, 2000). Globalization of marketplace, enhanced technologies, fierce competition, liberalization of economies, single European currency, electronic-trading, reduction of cost in production, information and transportation through economies of scale, supply chain integration (Daft, 2006), environmental awareness towards global warming, industrial waste disposal management, use of renewable and non-renewable raw materials, health awareness towards obesity, diabetes etc making consumers move towards natural food from the synthetic ones, change in lifestyle due to increase in disposable income leading to the change in attitude towards work, leisure-time and society etc. Changing perspective towards work style from traditional to teleworking, outsourcing, advances in communication allows organization to be multinationals without leaving their own countries (Paton and McCalman, 2000a). Internal triggers would include appointment of a new senior executive, new and better ways of serving customers, infrastructure relocation, innovative product development (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2000b). Presence of influential group within the organization can trigger change (Greenwood and Hinings, 1996) or change in top hierarchy may lead to change through accepting and implementing innovation (Boeker, 1997a; Kraatz Moore, 2002). Change of managers within the hierarchy of the organization may lead to change (Boeker, 1997b), new responsibility can bring new motivation to do better and can lead to change through enhance learning, communication and introducing new technology etc (Fernandez and Pitts, 2007a). Organizations experience several types of triggers and thus implement several types of changes. It has been reported that 50% of organizations adapts changes due to crisis (Beddowes and Wille, 2007a). Organizational crisis can arise from external triggers such as competitors which can be a new firm or a rival, change in legislation, action of a stake holder by selling or buying a significant amount of shares, buy-out from an organisation etc (Eccles, 1994a). And 23% of organizations proactively change while anticipating threats and while doing so 44% percent of organizations change their organizational structure. (Beddowes and Wille, 2007b). According to a study of 100 companies, majority showed re-structuring as successful, as there are examples of companies running in losses for millions of dollars for a decade and then turning into a profit making company in two years with evidence of effective work through teams and employee empowerment. So triggers of change can be financial losses leading to drop in profits which can attract new leadership and which may lead to changes in the structure (Haveman, Russo and Meyer, 2001a), increased competition leading to loss of market share, industry in recession, appointment of new chief executive officer, proactive action (opportunities or threats foreseen), technological development and effective ways of staff utilisation (Beddowes and Wille, 2007c). According to Champy and Nohria (1996) there are three major triggers of change; technology, government and globalization. Technology especially information technology has transformed business in many different ways. For example e-banking has opened new strategies for the banks of doing their business electronically and over the net, giving better access to customers with personalised services. Another example is the use of information technology in the field of publishing of research journals. It has helped in speeding up the process of research and its publication. The government role as a trigger of change is by changing the policies which affects businesses. Deregulation, privatisation and free trade etc are opening up new ways for businesses and encouraging them to change their strategies. This type of change in government policies has been termed as regulatory punctuation which gives organizations new opportunities for expansion (Haveman, Russo and Meyer, 2001b). Another trigger of change is the observable fact of globalization. It has helped in developing new concepts of this century like outsourcing and forced companies to work in virtual environment. Change can be a powerful energizer and creative force which can be good and would lead to development of innovative ways of getting a competitive advantage as well as bad with callous demands on employees and other measures like downsizing for cost cutting etc. As mentioned earlier organizations appoint change agent to deal with external triggers which leads to internal changes in the organization. There is evidence that 16% of changes takes place due to appointment of new Chief Executive Officer (CEO) with characteristics like charismatic personality, with a clear idea of what and how changes are to be made, capable of taking a holistic view of the organization and who believes in team work (Beddowes and Wille, 2007d). Managers do play a crucial role in planning and in implementing organizational change (Fernandez and Pitts, 2007b). For effective implementation of change there are three factors that need to be considered, the attitude, motivation and mind set of the change agent designing the change (Newman, 1973a). Previous research suggests that there exists a difference in the role of a change agent in the public sector and the private sector organizations. For example, there is significant amount of work directing towards the fact that public organizations although show more resistance to change but they often change according to Peters and Hogwood (1988) cited in Fernandez and Pitts (2007c). But some authors argued that organizational change has little to do with managerial leadership. As suggested by Hannan and Freeman (1984a) organizations survive because they are strong enough for a particular environment marked by size, age and complexity of the organization. But an organization stands for collective work of individuals and groups to fulfil the objectives and goal through set of rules, which needs direction and vision which is the responsibility of the organizational leader (Burke, 2002). And in order to influence individuals to work collectively towards a common goal is a complex task in itself on the part of the organizational leader. As stated influence is the essence of leadership (Yulk, 2002: P 141). The role of a change agent becomes effective when there is adequate leadership skill or influencing power to let others follow the vision and reach the goal. There is a list of twelve traits which consist of strong drive for responsibility , focus on completing the task , vigorous and persistence in pursuit of goals, venturesomeness and originality in problem solving drive to exercise initiative in social settings, self-confidence , sense of personal identity, willingness to accept consequences of decisions and actions, readiness to absorb interpersonal stress, willingness to tolerate frustration and delays, ability to influence the behaviour of others, capacity to structure social systems to the purpose in hand according to Stogdill (1950, 1954) cited in Huczynski and Buchanan (2007c). While studying American executives, 15 indispensible leadership traits were identified, which are judgement, initiative, integrity , foresight, energy, drive, human relations skill, decisiveness, dependability, emotional stability, fairness, ambition, dedication, objectivity and co-operation according to Stewart (1963) and there are as many as 80 leadership traits, identified in various studies as cited in Huczynski and Buchanan (2007d). As leadership is all about influential skills or power skills on the part of the change agent so that the vision of the change is followed by others (followers). The power to influence others measures the extent of leadership value (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007e). At individual level power can be seen as a motivational tool when an individual tries to control and influence events and when this is manifested in terms of observable action by others then power is seen as a behavioural aspect. Power in behavioural terms has been divided into eight categories reward, coercive, referent, legitimate, expert power (French and Raven, 1958a), informative, affiliation and group power (Benfari, et.al, 1986a). Reward power describes the ability to influence others in such a manner that followers believe the leader have the capacity to offer valuable reward or incentive in return of the obedience shown to the leaders demand. Coercive nature of power shows that the leader has the capacity to punish in the form of penalties and sanctions in return of noncompliance to the leaders demand. Referent power describes the ability of the leader to control by his/her enigmatic personality. Power is said to be of legitimate nature based on the authoritative position of the leader which is followed by the others as a compulsion. And the expert power which is described by its name that leader has expert knowledge and experience to make other people follow the instructions as it is regarded as of superior nature (French and Raven, 1958b). Informative power is similar to expert power and describes the leader to have undisclosed information crucial to the organization which makes the leader superior and thus followed by others. Affiliation power shows the leader to have strong relations with influential figures in the organization and society and thus followed on this basis. And the last category is the group power which is associated with the leaders ability to lead a team or group with sharing of power and responsibilities. All the eight categories are perceived either as positive (P+), beneficial or negative (P-) as exploitation or mixed response (P+ and P-) by the receiving party according to its characteristics. For example reward and referent power are received as P+. Coercion and information form of power as P-(Benfari, et.al, 1986b). But all are situational that is they have different influential power when used under different situation and the most effective leadership style that has emerged with time is the g roup power with sharing of power between the leader and others, as it can give the feeling of responsibility to take decision which can be rewarding (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007f). Summary So in brief triggers are mainly external that pressurises organizations to undertake internal changes. And it is a crucial responsibility of the change leader to assess the external situation and act accordingly so that the internal changes are done in a subtle way. When an organization becomes successful in making the relevant changes and performs well, it will pose a threat to other organizations and thus trigger another set of changes taking the course of a chain reaction. But why does an organization has to change its structure? This can be understood in the next section of the literature review. Section 3. 2 Affect of change on the organizational structure As mentioned earlier 44% percent of organizations change their organizational structure (Beddowes and Wille, 2007e) while adopting internal changes. The structure of an organization can be defined simply as the sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieves coordination among them.(Mintzberg, 1979a: 2) According to Newman (1973b: xiii) Organization is a system for enabling people to reach or attempt to reach certain objectives and it involves the use of resources to carry out activities towards those objectives. The basic features of an organization involve presence of objective(s), people and the environment in which it operates. Objective(s) would be the reason behind its existence, people working in an organization communicate, coordinate with occasional conflicts carry out activities in an organised way which is in par with the objective(s) of the overall organization. And these objective(s) are the opportunities and constraints provided by the environment, within which an organization exists. In order to survive, an organization must be able to understand the environment i.e. its complex surroundings and establish a relation with the trading market, products and services, suppliers, finances, customer preferences, competitors, employees, government policies, social settings, c ulture etc which would eventually help it to formulate the objective(s). Organization tends to establish relationship between people, units, roles etc with a degree of consistency embracing all the relationships which is the basic source of structure for an organization. The three basic features of organization that demands the need of a structure are first is the organizations desired activity in order to fulfil its objective(s) through effective use of available resources, second, the way of carrying out its activities i.e. the process and the third is the behaviour of the people working for the organization while carrying out the first two features. The function of a structure is to give stability, consistency, by holding things together giving it a form and reducing randomness while outlining its operations. The design of the structure must facilitate the fulfilment of the organizational objective(s). The conventional forms of organization design were the functional form, the e xecutive or administrative form and line or staff form. The functional form of the structure reflects the kind of function performed by the people. As required, new positions are developed along with new divisions or departments. But as complexity of work increases and it requires more coordination among divisions this structure becomes inadequate otherwise this form works well for independent work in each divisions. TOP MANAGEMENT DIVISION A DIVISION B DIVISION C DIVISION D Source: The Functional Form (Newman, 1972c:81) The administrative form separates the organizations actual work and the internal management of the organization. As it is difficult to separate the executive side of the organization which is more result orientated and the administrative side of the organization which controls the resources . Communication plays an important role in coordinating between the two; otherwise it can give rise to conflicts. The line or staff form shows relationship between the operation and the people within the organization that is, work demand and it is an extension of the executive form. One problem faced in this form is the control of managers over the subordinates and another is the orientation of the structure to the kind of work the organization is engaged with. For example line structure can be marketing orientated, sales orientated and so on. But as demand from the environment increases there is a need for multi-functional structure. The inadequacies of the conventional forms led to the formation of the new structure called the matrix form. TOP MANAGEMENT FACILITIES STRUCTURE OUTPUT STRUCTURE Source: Matrix Form (Newman, 1972d:85) Matrix structure is task based or project based that is, based on work demand. It is flexible as it changes according to the project or task at hand. And this type became popular among organizations dealing with large projects like civil engineering, research and development organizations etc. This structure deals with two basic objectives, first is the output of the organization and second is the ability to produce the output. Both are interconnected and interdependent on each other with the top management being responsible for its control and ensuring efficient utilization of resources. As it is project specific, unutilised resources needs to be reallocated or used for training etc. According to Mintzberg (1979b) there are five basic elements of a structure, mutual adjustment, direct supervision, standardization of work process, work outputs and worker skills and these hold the organization together. Mutual adjustment is achieved through informal communication while coordinating work. Direct supervision is the process of scrutinizing and instructing others work by an individual which again ensures mutual adjustment. Standardization of work process, output and worker skills can be achieved when they are precisely specified. In complex organizational environment these five factors work in a loop. Standardization Work Process Of Output Mutual Adjustment Mutual Adjustment Direct Supervision Worker Skills Source: The coordination mechanism among the five basic elements of a structure. (Mintzberg, 1979c: P 7) Organizational change reflects re-organization in the structure of the organization which includes the patterns of roles, policies and procedures which affects the relationship between them and thus affects the structure. The change can be due to new customer preferences, new work requirements, new strategies etc. In order to have an effective process of change, reviewing of the consequences of change is necessary and making relevant adjustments to the structure and policies from the results. The second factor is the change itself and for effective change it is necessary to have adequate information from the past and present as change begins with the analysis of these situations. As change means weakening of old or existing relationships and strengthening new ones and a critical situation is reached when old ties are weakened and new ties are not strong enough. Problems are faced when relationships between various factors in an organisation which were compatible in the old situation becomes incompatible in the new situation. So it is important to develop all the factors in such a way that will reinforce rather than inhibiting peoples work. For an organization to be effective, its structure, policies etc should enhance peoples output and attitude towards change. The third factor is the development of the relationship between the people and the new settings. This can be done by effective communication, consultation, discussion, participation among the employees and involving people in the change process (Newman, 1973e). According to Greiner (1972) as cited in Meredith and Mantel (2003) an organization tends to develop a structure whilst growing and adding resources and establishing relationship between them and at the core is the specialization factor of the human element of the organization. The structure remains stable till it facilitates the completion of the task but if there is change in the nature of the task due to any of the above mentioned triggers of change, and the present structure hinders the completion of the new task, it will indicate a need for change and which affects the structure of the organization. According to Chandler (1962a) organizational structure reflects the health of an organization. Structure is defined as the design of the organization through which the enterprise is administered (p: 14). The design has two aspects, first is the line of control and communication between various units and people working in them and second aspect is the flow of information within these lines. And these two aspects are essential to fulfil the organizational goal. Structure follows the strategy of the organization, for example when an organization decides to expand and increase the number of offices; it requires more administrative infrastructure and people to handle it and thus changes the structure. Again if an organization has overseas expansion plans it will have departments and headquarters to administer its individual units. Diversification to new type of function or vertical integration will attract a multi-departmental structure with a central main office. Diversification into new product line will be supported by multi-divisional structure with a general office to control the divisions. This multidivisional structure would attract decentralisation of authority from the centralised control in departmental structure. The coordination and control of business units takes place through centralisation and decentralisation form of decision making. Centralization means power to control and coordinate resides in one person while decentralisation means division of power into many individuals. Research shows cognitive limitation in centralized decision making as it involves only one person and organizations face many complex situations. And a rational way of making decisions in such situations is through decentralisation. Other benefits of decentralisation are that it allows better understanding of the environment and it facilitates innovation and creativity as it involves many brains (Mintzberg, 1979d). According to Drucker (1988) as soon as a company changes its strategy from paper work to electronic mode it starts affecting the decision process, management structure, over all way of working style of the organization eventually affecting the organizational structure. And this includes change from command and control mode of working in departments and divisions into information based organization of knowledge specialists. According to Burns and Stalker (1961) as cited in Mintzberg (1979e), that if the environment is volatile the organizations have to have a flexible and an organic structure in order to adapt itself to changing environment but if the environment is stable organizations can have bureaucratic structures performing routine and standardised tasks. Organizations have adopted flat, flexible structure which emphasizes on empowerment and team work culture in order to cope up with the changing nature of the environment. Successful organizations show involvement of employees in decision making and also as a part of the change the organization needs (Piderit, 2000a). As stated by Burns and Stalker (1961) cited in Meadows (1980a) organic structure has the following characteristics, team work to complete a common task, no fixed rules or methods to accomplish the task, periodic re-examine of the task so that it can be readjusted according to demands of the surroundings through communication, consultative nature of communication instead of autocratic nature, closely knitted network of communication, devotion towards the organization and the task and appreciation for intellectual and technological soundness. Summary Organizational structure is the reflection of its internal relationship between all its resources (people and work) which are constantly influenced by the external factors. And thus when an organization makes internal changes in order to cope up with the external triggers eventually changes its structure. Organizations need to have a flexible structure (organic) so that it can adapt to the environment which is volatile in nature due to external triggers. And as suggested growth without structural adjustment can lead to economic failure (Chandler, 1962b; p: 16). The next question that arises is that does the structure of the organization affects or facilitates changes within an organization? This can be understood in the next section of the literature review. Section 3.3 Nature of change While organizations adapt to environment, structure plays an important role, if the inherent nature of the structure is flexible then changes are easily done otherwise it poses a threat to both the process and content of change. Organizational change is the difference in organizational features measured over a period of time. Organizational features can range from functions performed by individuals or organizational subunits or relationship among other organizations and the environment (Van de Ven, 2004a). Organizational theories are either focused on the content of change or process of change. Barnett and Carroll (1995a) have suggested a distinction between process and content aspect of the changing organizations. Content refers to the element of the organization that changes and process refers to the actual course of action or procedure that is adopted to make those changes. The outcomes of both content and process changes have different effects on the organization although there is a clear interaction between them. Types of changes due to various triggers can be at various levels. For example, at organisational level, change may occur in the culture and structure of the organization with new work practices, emphasising on training and team work, introducing new reward systems and innovative ways of communication etc. Another prominent type of changing is through cost cutting measures like staff reduction or downsizing. Market led issues may lead to customer orientated focus with new products with better quality, adapting innovative technology (Beddowes and Wille, 2007f). A similar list suggested by Van De Ven (2004b) consists of structural change featuring decentralization or centralization; functional change in strategies to bring new and better products and services; compositional change featuring downsizing and recruitment, resource allocation; change in relationship between organization units through effective communication, exchange of resources across units; change in boundary through bus iness expansion or contraction using mergers, acquisition, joint ventures etc; environmental changes due to resource scarcity etc, and lastly change in performance showing profitability, job satisfaction etc. These comprises of the content aspect of the organization change.

History and Methods of science Essay

Isotope, one or two or more species of atom having the same atomic number, hence constituting the same element, but differing on mass number. As atomic number is equivalent to the number of protons in the nucleus, and mass number is the sum total of the protons plus the neutrons in the nucleus, isotopes of the same element differ from one another only in the number of neutrons in their nuclei. Source: â€Å"Isotope,† Microsoft Encarta 2006 (DVD), Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation 2005. Atom, tiny basic building block of matter. All the material on earth is composed of various combinations of atoms. Atoms are the smallest particles of a chemical element that still exhibit all the chemical properties unique to that element. A row of 100 million atoms would be only about a centimeter long. Understanding atoms is key to understanding the physical world. More than 100 different elements exist in nature. Each with its own unique atomic makeup. The atoms of these elements react with one another and combine in different ways to form a virtually unlimited number of chemical compounds. When two or more atoms combine, they form a molecule. For example, two atoms of the element hydrogen (H) combine with one atom of the element oxygen (O) to form a molecule of water. Source: â€Å"Atom,† Microsoft Encarta 2006 (DVD), Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation 2005.

The Article, The Land Ethic

While wading through the reserved reading in the library, I came across the article, â€Å"The Land Ethic†, which caught my eye, as well as sparked an interest deep within me. It revealed the idea that we, as humans, tend to be quite caught up in the idea of community; community between neighbors, co-workers, etc. seems to be something we strive for in our society. It seems that we have not integrated the land into our idea of community, and I feel that this is a serious problem that if not treated, will continue to grow and strive until the land turns into the â€Å"dead nothing† many people of today†s society feel it to be. I had been put face to face with the fact that I was one of those careless and self-involved members of our race. Having never thought of the concept of â€Å"land ethics†, I realized that it is very likely that many other people have yet to know of it either. This is a present conservation problem which worries me more than I have ever thought a simple article could be able to do to me. As the author of this revelation piece, Aldo Leopold (1966), stated in his article, that we need to change our â€Å"human role from conqueror, to a member of the land community†. This is vital for the future existence of an Earth that is habitable and non-toxic. Many people claim that they have ethics in their work place, or in general life practices. I have yet, however, had the pleasure of seeing many people proclaiming their ethics about the treatment of this planet. I have yet to see a serious and unwavering campaign to stop placing ourselves so high up the evolutionary ladder that the fate of the world we live in, will eventually crumble, as will our race and every other animal along with us. Michael Soule stated in his article, â€Å"What is Conservation Biology†(1985), that we cannot change the past, but we can modify the rate at which our land and species are being destroyed. Although in recent years, we have seen more legal responses toward conservation issues, such as establishments of national parks, our attempts are not being fully developed due to the lack of education. Although there is some level of awareness of the vandalism we are acting out onto our earth, there is less being said to members of our society on what they can do to reverse, change, or slow down the process of destruction. How can this be changed? This issue needs a bigger voice in today†s media. It is seen as something that, if we forget, may go away. This is simply causing the situation to worsen. The longer it takes for society to accept the land as part of their community, the longer the land will be destroyed, and the more difficult it will be to heal. As each generation passes, our technology and research continues to grow, and find more problems facing our land; things are not getting any better as time moves on. A possible addition to the small amount of education currently being done in this country, is the teaching of basic conservation science classes in elementary school; maybe if we start now, their generation will be brought up to mother the earth that has nurtured them. Other helpful additions include the passing of new city ordinances which would make it mandatory that businesses recycle, and teaching farmers alternative ways to take care of their crops, such as using bats instead of pesticides to keep insects off of their plants. Each culture responds differently to the problems our world is facing. Each generation is hopefully one step closer to saving this planet. We, as the human race, need to adopt the idea of cooperating with our land, rather than competing in a free for all game of greed and ownership towards it (Leopold, 1966). More education, a louder and more permanent voice in the media, and more legal regulations will hopefully further our ability to right the wrongs that have been done to our earth. With time we may be able to save our planet and the animals which inhabit it, including ourselves.

What They Say Affects our Understanding Essays

What They Say Affects our Understanding Essays What They Say Affects our Understanding Essay What They Say Affects our Understanding Essay The short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, speaks of the life of a woman who was caught in the past and refused to participate in the change. Written by the award-winning Southerner author, William Faulkner, the story revolves on the different aspects of being the only daughter of a small town pillar. The story presented how somebody like Emily Grierson, an epitome of an individual caught in the past, lived with only her pride and loneliness in an enclosed world, and remained envied by women and admired by men. It showed how the very things that people see as another person’s weakness may become strength as in the case of the author.An Epitome of the UnmovedThere are instances when people are left trying to relive the past over and over again in their own personal ways. This is oftentimes done in order to maintain one’s sanity or to keep a memory that only during that moment can be left real. In the case of Emily Grierson, both may have bee n the reason to exhaust all means to remain in that certain period in her life.She exhibited the seeming obsession to retain her past many times in the story. Initially, through keeping her father’s corpse in the house, by staying indoors from then on, and even after her death, she proved to have stopped time at some point as the townspeople discovered the rotten body of her lover, Homer Barron, in her home (Faulkner).In a commentary by the literary critic, Cecilia Rodriguez, she pointed that Colonel Sartoris, and the negro-servant is a representation of the past; while Homer Barron and the new Board of Alderman represented the present. Emily, however, does not only represent the past but also lived in it. There had been many struggles to keep the present away, which was evident in the murder of Homer Barron and many other incidents. The consequence of these efforts is the aloof, cold, and almost cruel Emily that people saw (â€Å"Interpretations of William Faulkners A Rose for Emily†).The obsessive ways to maintain life as it used to be may point to Emily’s last resort to keep the honor that the Griersons achieved through efforts of Mr. Grierson. It was mentioned in the story how Emily had been the shadow of the elder Grierson. As such, upon dying, the mission of keeping the dignity of the lineage rested on Emily’s shoulders. It is probable that shying away from the public was Emily’s way of keeping things in control, and a means of fulfilling the arduous undertaking.Admired by Many, Envied by SomeWhen Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral: the men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house. (Faulkner n.p)Exuding a bitter disposition, women felt either anger or fear, while men found in Emily’s attitude a sense of beauty worth appreciating. Despite the observable cruelty in the way Emily presented herself, she had been found exceptional. Walking with her chin up and not caring about the gossips being spread, Emily projects a woman of strength and independence. These are the traits that did not exist among the women during that time, yet had to exist in Emily in order to preserve her family’s dignity (â€Å"The Narrator’s Point of View†).According to the influential critic, Cleanth Brooks, Emily’s refusal to be criticized by the public, and the denial of the present resulted to the independent, vindictive persona she projects. The enormous pride, in ways proven by the decline to conform to social norms, and the rebellious manner towards the town’s Aldermen may be considered as preclusion of failure to maintain the image of her family. It also points to Emily’s inner desires to get away from the superficiality of the town’s life yet having no means to do it (â€Å"Interpretations of William Faulkners A Rose for Emily†).However, peopleâ₠¬â„¢s reactions to these details directs to the idea that even with the negative perspective most women have on Emily; men felt the opposite towards her. As such, she may have been as well a subject for women’s envy. The fear and pity may be attitudes to cover an inherent feeling of loathing (â€Å"The Narrator’s Point of View†).The Author and His workIn a book written on the tenth anniversary of William Faulkner’s birth, it was mentioned that he was a writer who kept work to himself. Faulkner had been a loner who devised guises, roles, and masks that kept the people at distance. Although, not as cruel as the character in the story, it may be pointed that Emily Grierson symbolizes a part of the writer’s life. Faulkner was a shy and troubled man as much as his character was. The ways in which his fictions were written were signs of how he delimits his relations with others. As much as Emily was marked by the townspeople, critics have probed Faulkner ’s gothic, almost grotesque style yet it still received approbation for the influences it had in the world of literature (Minter)Analysis and ConclusionAlthough the critics’ comments were not suggestive, it supports the idea that Emily Grierson’s personality was the result of the great struggle between the heavy burden of maintaining a social status and the desire to be free from it. Because of this inherent battle, she had turned herself into the proud woman who lived in loneliness, yet still remained envied and admired by others.Owing to Rodriguez’ commentary combined with the criticism of Brooks, Emily’s decision to remain in the past may be considered as the wall that she has put up in order to maintain control and keep things as they were. It has brought her the independence that may be said as necessary given her predicament. However, it was causal to the aloof and independent personality she has developed. These traits became the point of en vy for some females and a subject of admiration for men. What the women may have seen as her weaknesses were seen as also her strengths by other people.As such it may be said that the story presents how people’s personalities affect others’ perception. It is probable that the very feature hated or loathed are the key features that attracts others. Further, as pointed by Minter, the same thing may be applied in the writer’s life. As such, the shield he put up to delimit relationships became both a subject for criticism as well as for praise.

Delphi Compiler Version Directives

Delphi Compiler Version Directives If you plan on writing Delphi code that should work with several version of the Delphi compiler you need to know under which versions your code gets compiled. Suppose you are writing your own commercial custom component. Users of your component might have different Delphi versions than you have. If they try to recompile the components code- your code- they might be in trouble! What if you were using default parameters in your functions and the user has Delphi 3? Compiler directive: $IfDef Compiler directives are special syntax comments we can use to control the features of the Delphi compiler. The Delphi compiler has three types of directives: switch directives, parameter directives, and conditional directives. Conditional compilation lets us selectively compile parts of a source code depending on which conditions are set. The $IfDef compiler directive starts a conditional compilation section. The syntax looks like: {$IfDef DefName} ... {$Else} ... {$EndIf} The DefName presents the so-called conditional symbol. Delphi defines several standard conditional symbols. In the code above, if the DefName is defined the code above $Else gets compiled. Delphi Version Symbols A common use for the $IfDef directive is to test the version of the Delphi compiler. The following list indicates the symbols to check when compiling conditionally for a particular version of the Delphi compiler: SYMBOL - COMPILER VERSIONVER80 - Delphi 1VER90 - Delphi 2VER100 - Delphi 3VER120 - Delphi 4VER130 - Delphi 5VER140 - Delphi 6VER150 - Delphi 7VER160 - Delphi 8VER170 - Delphi 2005VER180 - Delphi 2006VER180 - Delphi 2007VER185 - Delphi 2007VER200 - Delphi 2009VER210 - Delphi 2010VER220 - Delphi XEVER230 - Delphi XE2WIN32 - Indicates that the operating environment is the Win32 API.LINUX - Indicates that the operating environment is LinuxMSWINDOWS - Indicates that the operating environment is the MS Windows/li]CONSOLE - Indicates that an application is being compiled as a console application By knowing the above symbols it is possible to write code which works with several versions of Delphi by using compiler directives to compile appropriate source code for each version. Note: symbol VER185, for example, is used to indicate Delphi 2007 compiler or an earlier version. Using VER symbols Its quite usual (and desirable) for each new Delphi version to add several new RTL routines to the language. For example, the IncludeTrailingBackslash function, introduced in Delphi 5, adds  \  to the end of a string if it is not already there. In the Delphi MP3 project, I have used this function and several readers have complained that they cant compile the project- they have some Delphi version prior to Delphi 5. One way to solve this problem is to create your own version of this routine - the AddLastBackSlash function. If the project should be compiled on Delphi 5, the IncludeTrailingBackslash is called. If some of the previous Delphi versions are used, then we simulate the IncludeTrailingBackslash function. It could look something like: function AddLastBackSlash(str: string) : string;begin{$IFDEF VER130}   Result:IncludeTrailingBackslash(str) ; {$ELSE}if Copy(str, Length(str), 1) \ then   Ã‚  Ã‚  Result : str   else   Ã‚  Result : str \;​{$ENDIF}end; When you call the AddLastBackSlash function Delphi figures out which portion of the function should be used and the other part is simply skipped. Delphi 2008 Delphi 2007 uses VER180 in order to maintain non-breaking compatibility with Delphi 2006 and then adds VER185 in order for development that specifically needs to target Delphi 2007 for whatever reason. Note: any time the interface of a unit changes the code that uses that unit has to be re-compiled. Delphi 2007 is non-breaking release meaning that DCU files from Delphi 2006 will work as-is.

Essey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Essey - Essay Example Organisms in the soil contribute to the supply of fertilizer and the passages of air. Rains further nourish the plants with water and nitrogen. Organic farming has been gaining worldwide acceptance because of all these benefits. In contrast, chemicals gradually kill the soil organisms that add to their fertility and eventually render the land less productive, leading to lower yields and less food supply, and exposed to soil erosion whenever it rains. As of 2010, close to a billion people were reported as hungry, while many more live malnourished lives. There has been a growing demand for food supply which is propelled by a growing populations. Add to that scenario all the price increases in prime commodities, including vegetables, fruits, protein sources and we can easily understand what is meant by the urgency of finding effective and efficient ways of producing food supply. Chapter 1 of Worldwatch Institute report dwells on the statistics on malnutrition, rising prices, and the need for changes in food supply production and distribution. Another factor to consider is global warming. More powerful typhoons, hurricanes, and tornadoes brought about great destruction of properties in various parts of the world, while the Arctic and Antarctic Zones have been melting, and the effect was predicted to be a rise in the water level and floods. Many people have drowned as a result of unusual floods. Chapter 2 of Worldwatch Institute†™s book dealt with effects of climate change as a major reason for the implementation of ecoagriculture. warming while aiming to solve problems like hunger, poverty, malnutrition, and the growing demand for food worldwide. As community leader, a person can call on local farmers to provide them with an awareness of the need to change farming practices and the benefits of ecoagriculture. One of the recommendations of Worldwatch Institute (2011) is to plant â€Å"nitrogen fixing-fixing trees that enrich the soil for the

Academic Skills Prepare Graduates for Work Essay

Academic Skills Prepare Graduates for Work - Essay Example Empirical work studies have also suggested that workers and employers now feel that generic skills like, communication, problem solving as well as team working abilities, have become extremely critical for the overall success of the workplace (Bailey, Hughes and Barr, 1998). As a result, academics are concentrating more on the skill and work based learning. The primary purposes which have been identified at large for work based learning are; acquiring skill and knowledge with respect to employment in specific industries and occupations, providing career planning and exploration and learning all industry aspects. Increasing social as well as personal competence related to general work and enhancing the motivation of students for academic achievement are other aspects which have found profound interest and critical pace in the teaching techniques in colleges. The current essay throws light on the abovementioned aspects. Research has been conducted on how academics prepare students for work and building their professional careers. Examples from various top colleges and universities will help in understanding the various skill sets and course curriculum which are being implemented in order to enhance the academic learning experience. Review In order to understand the academic skills required, it is important to understand and contemplate the meaning of academic skills and knowledge. Stasz and Brewer (1998) defined academic skills are â€Å"measurable properties of individuals,† which included academic tests. However, influential academic skills might be understood as those techniques and knowledge which will help the students in reinforcing their motivation, quality and overall performance in office. In other words, it is the knowledge which will help students in coping with real world. In broad sense, academic skills can be considered as a collection of learning strategies, study habits as well as tools and techniques for time management helping students le arn as well as absorb the lessons in college. Generally, students pursue academic learning as information, thus wanting for more. The literature review and surveys on this field of study has been least, confining only to specific subjects or training programs. However, this field has got enormous implications. In the past, most of the course curriculum consisted of limited learning prospects, comprising of bookish or theoretical knowledge. However, with the changing scenes and increasing requirement of practical knowledge, colleges and universities are implementing a mix of theoretical learning as well as practical applications, so that the students and graduates are better prepared for the real life work experience (Philadelphia School District, 1998). Several literatures have reviewed the skills required for successful conduction of work. However, none of these surveys and reviews has confirmed a single technique or methodology which can satisfy all the requirements. So, any liter ature survey on relationship between work and academic skills is unlikely to present definitive answers (Berryman and Bailey, 1992). Most of the literature reviews and research work on this field have revealed the underlying controversies shaping debate regarding academic skills as well as various issues and themes. First, is defining of academic skills which have been observed earlier. Various theoretical perspectives have dominated the study of academic skills yielding conflicting results as well as policy recommendations. One approach is positivist, according to which individuals have the ability to transfer skills. Another approach is situational perspective, according to whi

Psychological Assessment Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychological Assessment Model - Essay Example Moreover, if skilled clinicians could each independently assess several of the same clients, they should arrive at differential assessment conclusions appropriate to each client. In any case, clinicians should make accurate, comprehensive assessment decisions regardless of (a) their cultural backgrounds, (b) the clients cultural background, and (c) the complexity and nature of the presenting problem(s).† One social and psychological variable, among many others that must be taken into consideration, is culture. Unfortunately, this variable is usually mishandled or overlooked in the process. According to Ridley, Li, and Hill (1998, p. 1), â€Å"Culture is one such variable that permeates human experience. It affects the way people label illness, identify symptoms, seek help, decide whether someone is normal or abnormal, set expectations for therapists and clients, give themselves personal meaning, and understand morality and altered states of consciousness. Sometimes clinicians give culture too much credence in assessment, resulting in their overlooking or underdiagnosing of psychopathology, or they may not give culture due consideration, resulting in their overdiagnosing of psychopathology.† One of the most challenging aspects of dealing with culture when it comes to mental health professionals is deciding whether a person of a particular culture is abnormal in general or if they are considered abnormal within their culture. As a result, culture must be incorporate into psychological assessment. Most clinicians are not properly trained to assess multicultural clients in the current situation at mental health facilities. This is particularly a problem because accurate assessment is crucial in helping an individual in need. Mainstream assessment methods have even been found to be dangerous to multicultural individuals and groups (Spengler,

Bachelor of Arts Community development Essay Example for Free

Bachelor of Arts Community development Essay The unit explores the power of ideas to change the world and ourselves, focusing on their birth, transmission, evolution, and personal and global impact. Through the study of selected themes, students are introduced to the knowledge and approaches central to the arts, social sciences and humanities, and are invited to reflect on competing moral and social arguments. The development of writing and critical thinking skills are a core focus of the unit. The unit is arranged around four different topics, each of which is allocated five or six lectures and three tutorials. Each topic consists of an organising theme which is used to focus a set of contrasting disciplinary perspectives from within the arts, social sciences and humanities. For 2014, the four organising themes are: ââ€" ¦The individual and the community. ââ€" ¦Violence ââ€" ¦Truth and representation ââ€" ¦The good life The key aims of this unit are as follows: ââ€" ¦To introduce students to a range of methodological, conceptual and theoretical appraoches to the main discipline areas covered in the Bachelor of Arts degree. ââ€" ¦To show how social and moral issues may be examined from diverse perspectives, so as to result in differing evaluations, each offering potentially valuable illuminations. ââ€" ¦To provide students with the conceptual tools to become more articulate and reflective in their examination of social and moral issues. The majors which comprise the Bachelor of Arts in 2014 are: ââ€" ¦Asian Studies ââ€" ¦Australian Indigenous Studies ââ€" ¦Communication and Media Studies ââ€" ¦Community Development ââ€" ¦Criminology ââ€" ¦Education Studies ââ€" ¦English and Creative Writing ââ€" ¦Games Art and Design ââ€" ¦History ââ€" ¦Indonesian ââ€" ¦Interactive Digital Design ââ€" ¦International Aid and Development ââ€" ¦Japanese ââ€" ¦Journalism ââ€" ¦Legal Studies ââ€" ¦Philosophy ââ€" ¦Photography ââ€" ¦Public Relations ââ€" ¦Politics and International Studies ââ€" ¦Radio ââ€" ¦Religion ââ€" ¦Security, Terrorism and Counterterrorism Studies ââ€" ¦Social and Developmental Psychology ââ€" ¦Sociology ââ€" ¦Sound ââ€" ¦Sustainable Development ââ€" ¦Theatre and Drama ââ€" ¦Tourism and Events ââ€" ¦Web Communication